Tax Compliance: Giving Voice, By Giving Choice

Here’s a tip for Inland Revenue – even giving the illusion of choice will reduce tax avoidance and under-declaration of income (excerpt):

Can giving taxpayers a voice increase tax compliance?
Cait Lamberton, Jan-Emmanuel De Neve, Michael I. Norton

Non-compliance with tax costs governments billions, in part because people really don't like paying taxes. This column reports two experiments designed to see if it's possible to make people hate taxes a little less and raise tax compliance. The results indicate that if people are given the opportunity to express a preference (though not actually make the final decisions) on how their taxes are spent, they are much less likely to cheat….

Middle Income Pain? Try High Income

From the Edge Daily (excerpt; emphasis added):

Highlight - Middle-class pain

KUALA LUMPUR: Salary earners in the “sandwiched” middle-income group will soon find themselves at the losing end as the government continues its fiscal consolidation.

The middle-income group is defined as individuals who earn between RM2,300 and RM7,000.

This group forms 40% of the country’s workforce. The middle-income earners are mostly taxpayers and are the vast majority who drive consumer spending — a main growth engine for the domestic economy...

Erm...slight problem here. By all accounts, less than 20% of the workforce is eligible to pay tax and about 10% actually does, which is totally at odds with the numbers quoted here. And it turns out the problem is the definition – the text shouldn’t read individuals, it should read households.

The data compiled by DOS show the mean monthly household income level for the middle 40% is just RM4573 in 2012, or approximately RM2570 per income earner. A single person earning that amount who only deducts EPF contributions pays zero tax, and I don’t think they’re the ones referred to as, "The middle-income patrons of gourmet coffee outlets will have to either cut down their visits or opt for cheaper alternatives."

Sorry, if you can afford to drink gourmet coffee in Malaysia, chances are you’re not middle income. It doesn’t detract from the main point of the article, but it should’ve been made clearer who exactly we’re talking about.

The ETP And The Distribution Of Income

My apologies for the long silence over the past week – I’ve been on holiday, and haven’t checked my mail for a while, or been too bothered about blogging. The next couple of weeks won’t see much in the way of posting either, as I’m going through some major changes in my life. I might (or might not!) write about it, depending on how circumstances develop. In any case, I’ll be returning to a more regular blogging schedule in January, God willing.

In the meantime, I’ve been asked to comment on a couple of speeches made by the opposition Pakatan Rakyat over the past week.

First is a dinner talk given by Datuk Seri Anwar Ibrahim:

ETP will widen income gap by 2020, warns Anwar

KUALA LUMPUR, Dec 15 — Datuk Seri Anwar Ibrahim sounded warning bells today, saying the government’s Economic Transformation Programme (ETP) will worsen income disparity and force some 1.7 million Malaysians into poverty by 2020.

On the flip side, he said, corporate giants and government cronies would be enjoying a larger slice of the economic pie even as the common Malaysian struggle with hardship.

Taxing The 1%

One of the stylised facts of the past quarter of a century is that there has been a general increase in the share of the income going to the top 1% of the population globally. Part of that has been blamed on a move towards lower top marginal income tax rates. The political rationale, exemplified by the Laffer curve, has been that lower tax rates stimulates economic activity and investment, thus raising economic growth and tax revenues.

That this didn’t quite happen should be quite evident.

GST On The Cards Again?

From yesterday’s Star:

PM: Income tax may be reduced once GST is in place

PUTRAJAYA: Corporate and personal income tax may be reduced with the implementation of the goods and services tax (GST), Prime Minister Datuk Seri Najib Tun Razak announced Tuesday.

He, however, said the government was still engaging with the Public Awareness Education Programme to educate the people on the advantage of the GST.

"As far as the people are concerned, there is a growing acceptance that the GST is good," said Najib, who is also Finance Minister, to reporters after attending the Budget 2012 Consultation here Tuesday.

Budget 2010: I'm (Mostly) Happy

…because lots of things on my wish list got ticked. Improve education? Check. More money for vocational schools? Check. Remove fuel subsidies? Mostly check. Do something for the lower-income groups and not just the poor? Check. But I’m getting ahead of myself. The numbers look half-decent to me:



But this is planned expenditure and expected revenue, either of which may change as we go through the year. The forecast is for a budget deficit of 5.6%, which isn’t bad either. As you can see from the charts above, most of the drop from this year’s expected deficit of 7.4% is coming from a rather savage cut in operating expenditure. The savings were garnered from a planned drop in procurement, subsidies and especially from “others”. I can’t imagine that would make many government contractors very happy.

Based on these numbers and a projected outstanding debt of about RM420 billion by the end of 2010, we’re looking at the debt to GDP ratio reaching 58.0%, which ain’t good. It’s not quite the all-time high (69.7% in 1987) but it’s getting a little close for comfort. On the other hand the banking system is still awash in liquidity, which means there’s still plenty of capacity to absorb government borrowing without impacting private sector lending. With any luck, we should have a firmer recovery in place by 2011, and we can start on fiscal consolidation by then – or at least, get the pace of borrowing below the economy’s growth rate.

My notes on some of the things that stood out for me in the budget speech:

1. As expected, the government revised upwards the growth forecast for this year to -3.0% from -4.0%-5.0%. Next year’s forecast is between 2.0% to 3.0% - encouraging but not great, as it implies that there will be little closing of the output gap and because with population growth at the upper end of that figure, real per capita income growth will essentially be flat to slightly negative (the +2.5% increase quoted by the PM is in nominal terms).

2. 48k projects under the stimulus packages completed and another 40k projects going on right now – impressive numbers until you look at the government’s account at BNM. September figures aren’t out yet, but as of August the government was sitting on RM25.6 billion in cash, which means projects aren’t being implemented as fast as the government is ready to finance them.

3. Note the introduction of Public-Private Partnerships, which at least have the benefit of having projects in the pipeline. You may remember that RM20b Private Finance Initiatives (PFIs) were mentioned in 9MP as another method of reducing the need for public development spending. Try as I might, I can find no evidence in the last five years that any PFI initiatives were even begun, much less completed.

4. New privatization program? Does this mean Khazanah will be letting go its holdings? How is Ekuinas affected?

5. Rationalising R&D efforts, establishing National Innovation Centre and integrating R&D with patent, copyright and trademark registration. Don’t think this is enough – how about triple deduction on R&D spending?

6. RM0.9b for the tourism industry and a whole slew of initiatives – thumbs up. Also kudos for PR status equivalence between males and females marrying Malaysians.

7. 10MBit broadband? Where? How much? And will it stay up? And RM500 tax allowance barely covers the cost even if you’re taking the cheapest packages. Does wireless qualify? 3G?

8. Halal industry – too little too late I think. But the effort’s appreciated.

9. RM0.5b for agriculture. I’m still waiting for the shoe to drop and someone discovers that we’re neglecting doing anything about domestic distribution.

10. RM1.0b for incentives and subsidies to farmers and fishermen. Why not just give handouts? It’ll probably be more effective. Some of the “incentives” that used to be offered had some perverse effects.

11. GreenTechnology investment – not unexpected

12. Bringing pre-school education into the national system – about time. I’m wondering what this might mean in terms of employment of pre-school teachers.

13. Prestige schools and recognition of head masters – elitism? Or introducing competition into the school system? Time will tell. This isn't a new idea, but at least the government is listening.

14. For students, 4 measures that are bound to be popular – 30 non-race based national scholarships, converting loans to scholarships for 1st class honours, 50% discount for KTM rides, and best of all, subsidized broadband and netbook purchases. Lucky b****rs.

15. RM1.3b to improve polytechnics and community colleges, RM1.1b for training and vocational institutes. I really like this. Trying to put everyone through university education never struck me as a good strategy – you just get poor quality graduates. At least this way, some of our youth have a fighting chance at getting good jobs that don’t necessarily need an academic education, an education they might not be suited for. And I really like having SKM on the same level as diploma holders. I’m reminded of Germany’s apprenticeship system here, and it’s a potential solution towards upgrading our manufacturing capabilities and breaking reliance on low-wage type jobs.

16. Ar-Rahnu microcredit program – I don’t like this on principle. The whole idea of microcredit as pioneered by Grameen was to provide financing based on need and desire for work, not on the ability to put up collateral. The way this is structured, it just confines the hardcore poor in a poverty trap, surviving on handouts.

17. Still no GST!

18. RPGT is coming back!

19. RM10k for each AP! Woot!

20. Fuel subsidies abolished! Kind of. What the new system will be like and how it will be managed are still unknown. I’d actually go further and slap a tax on petrol for those who don’t qualify for the subsidy. The proceeds could help fund investment in green technologies.

21. Government child care centres! Now if only the private sector would follow suit.

22. Individual income tax cut to 26% and personal allowance raised to RM9k. I didn’t expect this and I’m not sure it’s warranted. It’s definitely a significant boost to consumer spending power, at least for those who pay taxes and especially those who are in the top tax bracket. But with the tax base already so narrow, I’m not sure this is a good move at all. Add the RM1k increase in the allowance for annuities and KWSP contributions, and you’re talking about narrowing the tax base even further.

23. Urban poor to include those earning less than RM3k – but with only RM48 million allocated for urban poverty eradication, that’s like spitting into the wind.

24. More trains for Komuter and LRT – I don’t think these will be enough, based on recent experience. Congestion has been increasing so rapidly, that these will only be stop-gap measures.

Overall, I'm not down on this budget - there were some gaps, but there were also some truly good ideas here. I can just imagine civil servants trying to get to grips with outcome based budgeting! Compared to DAP's alternative budget, this one's way weaker on transport, but much stronger (in my opinion) on education.